What Does Solitary Confinement Do The Human Brain

1 What does solitary confinement do the human brain? By Ronaldo Clerveaux English 4 Mr. Wilson Period 4 03/14/16 Solitary confinement is basically when someone is isolated from others and is usually contained in a cell for hours, days, months, and even years. They call the solitary confinement a â€Å"shoe† because it stands for Special Housing Unit (SHU), but it is pronounced like â€Å"shoe†. Its main focus is to keep people detained if they were to get in a fight, talking back towards a guard and even carrying around a pack of cigarettes. This would be similar to a â€Å"time out†. Which leads to a somewhat huge controversial debate of whether or not prisoners should be sent into solitary confinement. There are some effects†¦show more content†¦The feeling of loneliness has drastic effects, which can cause people to lose track of time and hunger gauges will actually rapidly increase. Which causes people to completely lose that sense of time since they are relying on their hunger and sleep gauge to find out time it is. So just being in a cell without an actual t ime gives people misery, disgust, anger, and boredom. Once the person who has been solitary confinement has left that room. They will be more inclined to become violent and possibly suicidal thoughts due to the low self-esteem. According to the statistics, â€Å"In Florida, inmates who spent time in solitary confinement were 18 percent more likely to commit a subsequent violent crime. In Texas, recidivism rates went up by over 12 percent for offenders directly released from solitary.† (Glod 6-7). Which means that tax payers are basically influencing a change in that person’s mind and would most likely take it out onto the public because his or hers mind has been corrupted due to solitary confinement. â€Å"The effects that solitary confinement could do is similar to isolation. Isolation could lead to nervousness, anxiety, nightmares, dizziness, obsessive introspection, sweaty hands, heightened anger, violent thoughts, heart palpitations, and insomnia. Solitary confident costs about $70,641 dollars. For general population of a prison is $58,324.† (Ritu 1). The only ‘’human contact’’ that theShow MoreRelatedThe Detention Of Prison Inmates938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe time, prison guards totally fail to recall about the inmate or tend to have a neglecting state of mind when monitoring confinement inmates. Several of the prisoners who end up in isolated confinement are diagnosed with physical and emotional complications such as depression and anxiety. Prisoners over the time have trouble with socializing and interacting with other human beings. Furthermore, some officials often report some cases in which inmates held in these segregated facilities severely harmRead MoreSolitary Confinement : A New Idea Of Punishment And Maintaining Order1708 Words   |  7 PagesSolitary confinement commits an individual to small room closed off from the world; a room devoid of light and human interaction for nearly twenty three hours a day. Not only is the morose environment and isola tion unhealthy, but it contributes to increased recidivism rates, sometimes referred to as the revolving door phenomenon. Although solitary confinement provides the staff and general prison population with safety, there are alternatives that can be used rather than continuing the revolvingRead MoreJuvenile in the Adult Prison1351 Words   |  6 Pagesit will help them understand the consequences of their actions, however, children and teenagers that commit crimes are too young and they don’t have the mental ability to understand the consequences of their actions. These juveniles are not aware of what they are going to face behind the adult’s prison bars. According to the National Juvenile Justice Network, it states, â€Å" 200,000 youths are tried, sentenced, or incarcerated as adults every year across the United States.† Studies have shown that juvenilesRead MoreCharles Dickens The Prison System1131 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens visited the United Sta tes in 1842, were he witnessed solitary confinement in Eastern State Penitentiary just outside Philadelphia. Dickens viewpoints on the prison system in America is that he â€Å"persuaded that those who devised this system of Prison Discipline, and those who benevolent gentlemen who carry execution, do no know what it is that they are doing†. The lets the audience know what Dickens believes to be the negative part of the Prison Discipline. Dickens states that not manyRead MoreAn Article On The Criminal Justice System Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesarrested a day before his 17th birthday. He missed both his 17th birthday and his senior year of high school. For the next three years of his life, he spent his time in the New York City jail complex. He spent at least two of those years in solitary confinement. He was never found guilty or even put on trial, and all charges against him were eventually dismissed. On October 6th, 2014 Jennifer Gonnerman wrote an article about him in The New Yorker. This article helped bring attention to the fact thatRead MorePreventing The Worst By Mary Allison Mitchell1403 Words   |  6 Pagessentence at an unstable mental state. Because prisoners do not receive adequate attention for the severe mental anguish they face, many of them turn to the most permanent solution before they are given any help (Hayes 2). Prisons should become more proactive in prevention for three monumental reasons: to give prisoners a chance for future opportunities, to minimalize family grievances, and possibly eliminate the costs of solitary confinement. Most prisoners end their own lives before given the opportunityRead MoreSolitary Confinement Or Ad Seg1689 Words   |  7 PagesSolitary confinement in America is becoming a big issue with the way humans are treated such as higher rates of insanity, higher risk for self-harm, inhumane treatment, no outside contact or contact with other beings and also this special unit is becoming over used across America. Solitary confinement or ad seg is the disciplinary unit in most prisons where the inmates are housed when those inmates get in serious trouble or those individuals are being protected from other inmates in the jail. ThisRead MoreTranscendentalism, By John Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau1594 Words   |  7 Pagesworld outweigh logic and intellect. However, that is all transcendentalism is: childlike. Transcendentals think that reactions should be spontaneous, not well thought out through reason and logic. However, this spontaneity can be harnessed by others to do the unspea kable. For an example, consider Operation Northwoods during the Kennedy administration. The U.S. government planned to commit numerous atrocities and blame them on the Cuban government. The Kennedy administration would then use public outrageRead MoreI Felt a Funeral, in My Brain Analysis3066 Words   |  13 PagesTwo – I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 1. Part One Solitary: Deprived of the company of others; the state of being alone; a reference to solitary confinement (solitary). The use of the word solitary in line 16 illustrates how although people have been described as taking part in the funeral, they do not relate or understand her. Although there are others around her, there is no communication between them. She is described as wrecked in the same line that â€Å"solitary† is used, showing the reader thatRead MoreDeath to the Death Penalty1025 Words   |  5 PagesLife is the most precious good that a human being possesses. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that one of the first human rights listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the right to life. The third article states that a person has the right not to be killed by any other human being, and this is where the nations that apply the death penalty are failing (Source 1). The death penalty or capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is executed as a punishment for committing

Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Children and grownups populating with HIV can be protected from one of their deadliest menaces – TB – with a regular, low-priced preventative medicine harmonizing to new guidelines launched today by the WHO. Of the about two million AIDS-related deceases each twelvemonth, a one-fourth of them are associated with TB. Because of their weakened immune system, people populating with HIV are less able to contend TB infection and are more likely to develop active TB which can be lifelessly and can distribute to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some communities, up to 80 % of people with TB trial positive for HIV. Taking medical specialty incorporating the anti-TB drug INH is a simple and cost-efficient step that prevents the TB bacterium from going active if it is present. Known as Isoniazid Preventive Therapy ( IPT ) , the intervention attack is non new, but for a assortment of grounds it is underused. Merely 85 000 ( or 0.2 % ) of all people populating with HIV received INH for TB bar in 2009. â€Å" As we commemorate Global AIDS Day, it is clear that pull offing HIV must include turn toing TB, † said Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, Director of WHO ‘s HIV/AIDS Department. â€Å" We need to to the full implement the WHOA Three I ‘s for HIV/TBA scheme in coaction with all spouses. TheA Three I’sA are Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, Intensified TB showing and Infection control for TB. These steps should be delivered as portion of comprehensive HIV services. † Key recommendations The guidelines are based on new scientific grounds that updates the old 1998 policy. The cardinal recommendations are: All kids and grownups populating with HIV, including pregnant adult females and those having antiretroviral intervention, should have INH bar therapy. Isoniazid should be provided for six to 36 months, or as a life-long intervention in scenes with high HIV and TB prevalence. Peoples populating with HIV who may hold TB symptoms should be further screened for active TB or other conditions so that they are able to entree the appropriate interventions. â€Å" In many states HIV is a major driver of the TB epidemic. Terbium is preventable and curable and the new guidelines show how to interrupt the concatenation that links TB and HIV taking to decease, † said Dr Mario Raviglione, Director of WHO ‘s Stop TB Department. â€Å" All states and communities need to implement the new guidelines and WHO can supply the necessary support to guarantee that this can go on. † Misconceptions that may lend to the low consumption of isoniazid therapy are besides addressed in the new guidelines. For illustration, concern that utilizing INH without other TB medicines causes opposition to the medical specialty was non found to be supported by any scientific grounds. These and other elucidations featured in the guidelines should unclutter the manner for greater entree to the preventative therapy for 1000000s of people populating with HIV. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-latent-tuberculosis-infection-in-hiv-infected-patients Persons with latent TB ( LTBI ) are symptomless and non infective. However, these LTBI B remain feasible and may reactivate old ages subsequently and do active diagnostic, and frequently catching, TB ( TB ) disease. ( SeeA ‘General concepts’A above. ) Compared with HIV-uninfected persons, HIV-infected patients with LTBI are significantly more likely to reactivate with TB disease, peculiarly those with advanced immunosuppression. ( SeeA ‘Interactions between HIV and tuberculosis’A above. ) In both HIV-infected and clean persons, the chief agents that have studied for LTBI includeisoniazid, the rifamycins ( bothA rifampinA andA rifapentine ) andA pyrazinamide. ( SeeA ‘Drug Toxicity’A above. ) Treatment of LTBI is effectual in forestalling active TB disease among HIV-infected patients. Adverse events and drug discontinuance rates are by and large lower among patients taking monotherapy compared with combination therapy and among those takingA isoniazidA for six to nine months compared with INH for 36 months or longer. ( SeeA ‘Clinical tests of latent TB intervention in HIV-infected patients’A above. ) All HIV-infected patients with grounds of LTBI should have therapy for the bar of active TB disease ( Grade 1A ) . There is no incontrovertible benefit of administrating intervention among patients who have negative trials for LTBI or who are anergic. Treatment is besides recommended for HIV-infected patients with recent contact with a individual with active TB disease or in those with a history of untreated or inadequately treated healed TB ( eg, fibrotic disease on chest X ray ) , irrespective of trial consequences for LTBI. ( SeeA ‘Indications for TB preventative therapy’A above. ) IsoniazidA is preferred for the intervention of LTBI in the HIV-infected patient because of its overall efficaciousness, safety, and cost. ( SeeA ‘Treatment regimens and duration’A above. ) The optimum continuance of therapy for LTBI is unknown. In resource-rich scenes, most patients are treated with nine months of dailyA isoniazidA ( 300 milligrams daily ) . In resource-limited scenes, clinical tests have evaluated six months of INH to womb-to-tomb therapy. The possible benefits of long-run INH are likely to be seen merely in high transmittal scenes and must be weighed against the greater toxicity, cost, and load on patients compared to shorter regimens. ( SeeA ‘Duration of therapy’A above. ) Surveies suggest a benefit for earlier induction of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of TB among patients populating in endemic countries. Eligibility standards for induction of antiretroviral medicines for HIV disease vary by geographic location. ( SeeA ‘Initiation of antiretroviral therapy’A above andA † The impact of antiretroviral therapy on morbidity and mortality of HIV infection in resource-limited scenes † , subdivision on ‘Effect of antiretroviral therapy on other comorbidities ‘ . ) Prior to induction of intervention for LTBI, all patients must be scrutinized for active TB infection to avoid monotherapy and the hazard of TB drug opposition. ( SeeA ‘Assessment for TB disease’A above andA † Diagnosis, intervention, and bar of drug-resistant TB † . ) Everyday baseline research lab testing is non required prior to the induction of intervention of LTBI. However, individuals with a history of liver disease ( eg, alcoholic, viral hepatitis ) should hold baseline testing of transaminases. ( SeeA ‘Baseline research lab testing’A above. ) There is no consensus on the demand for everyday monitoring of transaminases in patients taking intervention for LTBI. However, all patients should be counseled on the symptoms and marks of drug-induced hepatitis ( eg, right upper quarter-circle hurting, icterus, sickness, purging, loss of appetency, dark piss ) . ( See’Patient monitoring’A above. ) How to cite Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cadbury free essay sample

We studied the strategies employed by Cadbury India Limited that makes it the market leader and suggested few recommendations of our own. The term paper is truly based or intended to bring forth the necessary aspects regarding the different areas of the product. The thorough study of the different aspects of the product is done here. Information from books and internet sources have been chosen so as to make on the term paper . Through market research, a company can examine what the market wants, and look at their current products and services to s e if they are satisfying the customers needs. By analysing the market and its requirements, companies can change a product or develop a new product in order to match the requirements of the people they are targeting. In order to sell their product or service, companies need to persuade customers and consumers that their product is different to or better than other similar products and services – that it has a unique selling point (US P). We will write a custom essay sample on Cadbury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book of Philip kotler has been the basis of the term paper and proper design criteria has been met. The internet sources have been properly used throughout the paper. Marketing mix strategies and product life cycle has been properly discussed along with the graph. INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. CADBURY 5 3. CADBURY IN INDIA 6 4. 4 P’S OF PRODUCTS 7 5. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 14 6. PACKAGING 16 7. LABELLING 18 8. SELLING 19 9. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY 21 10. CONCLUSION 23 INTRODUCTION THE CADBURY name has been in existence since 1824 when john Cadbury opened his first shop in Birmingham England (Cadbury Ireland as a subsidiary of) Cadbury Schweppes in the fourth largest confectionary business in the world selling chocolates sugar and gum based products. Cadbury Ireland is the number one confectionery in Ireland. today Cadbury’s best tasting chocolates constitutes the main ingredient of much of these products including everything from solid blocks to chocolate filed bars and novelties, the Cadbury brand is associated with best tastingchocolates. Cadbury India Ltd. is now a part of Kraft Foods. Chicago-headquartered Kraft Foods acquired Cadbury last January for $18. 9 billion. Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, 5 Star, Perk, Bournville, Celebrations, Gems, Halls, Eclairs, Bubbaloo, Tang and Oreo. Their core purpose make today delicious captures the spirit of what they are trying to achieve as a business. This research shows how marketing managers at Cadbury are working to ensure this association is continually developed through their new ‘Choose Cadbury’ marketing strategy. Key concepts of quality, taste and emotion underpin the Cadbury brand. These core values help to differentiate Cadbury from other brands and ensure its competitive advantage. â€Å"In the chocolate market the Cadbury brand has in excess of 50% of market share, selling 10 of the top 20 selling chocolate singles. The entire term paper is to provide some of the key points regarding the the product mix strategy ,product life cycle, promotion strategies and the distribution strategy of the cadbury CADBURY Cadbury is a British confectionery company owned by Mondelez International and is the industrys second-largest globally after Mars, Incorporated. ] Cadbury was established in Birmingham by John C adbury in 1824, who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bourneville estate, a model village designed to give the companys workers good living conditions. The company is best known for its confectionery products including the Dairy Milk chocolate, the creme egg, and the Roses selection box. Dairy Milk chocolate in particular, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the companys bestselling product. Creme Eggs are made available for sale in the United Kingdom from January of each year until Easter, and are the bestselling confectionary product in the country during the period. The company was known as Cadbury Schweppes plc from 1969 until its demerger in 2008, when its global confectionery business was separated from its US beverage unit (now called Dr Pepper Snapple Group). [3] It was also a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 from the indexs 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010. Cadbury is headquartered in Uxbridge, London, and perates in more than 50 countries worldwide. CADBURY IN INDIA Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948 by importing chocolates. It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and sales offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate head office is in Mumbai. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with the Kerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research. [53][54] Cadbury was incorporated in India on 19 July 1948. Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories: chocolate confectionery, milk food drinks, beverage and candy amp; gum category. Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, 5-Star, Perk, Gems (a version of Mamp;Ms), Eclairs, Bourn vita,[55] Celebrations, Bilkul [56] Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, Toblerone, Halls, Tang and Oreo. It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%. [57] The Brand Trust Report, India Study, 2011 published by Trust Research Advisory ranked Cadbury in the top 100 most trusted brands list. CADBURY Cadbury Dairy Milk encapsulates an enormous breath of emotions, from shared values such as family togetherness, to the personal values of individual enjoyment. It stands for goodness. A moment of pure magic! Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM) entered the Indian market in 1948, and since then for consumers across India, the word Cadbury has become synonymous with chocolate. CDM remains at the top of the Indian chocolate market not only because of its most delicious, best tasting chocolate but also because of its memorable communication. 4 P’S OF PRODUCT PRODUCT My product is a re-launch of Cadbury dairy milk. Cadbury dairy milk is made from real chocolate. Its ingredients include cocoa butter and there is a glass and half full cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate, Cadbury buys 65 million litres of fresh milk each year to make Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. Cars, chocolate bars, insurance, flights, trainers – they are all products. The customer is the individual or group that buys a product and a consumer is the one who uses it. Through market research, a company can examine what the market wants, and look at their current products and services to see if they are satisfying the customers needs. By analysing the market and its requirements, companies can change a product or develop a new product in order to match the requirements of the people they are targeting. In order to sell their product or service, companies need to persuade customers and consumers that their product is different to or better than other similar products and services – that it has a unique selling point (USP). They might give it a special feature that no similar products have. Alternatively, they might use advertising or eye-catching packaging to make their product stand out from the competition. A selection of Cadburys products PRICE Price is an important element of the marketing mix. The price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. Price is also affected by factors such as the state of the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reached in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. From the marketing point of view this is what matters. If a company is to sell a new product it has developed, choosing the correct price is vital. If the price is set too high it may be more than the product’s target customer can afford, more expensive than similar products sold by other companies, meaning that few will be sold. However, if it is set too low, the company will make less profit and customers may think that the product is inferior to similar products at a higher price. There are many different pricing strategies, and some companies use mark-up pricing to decide the price of their product. This means they take the average cost of making each product and add on a percentage of the price as profit. The percentage added will depend on several factors, for example how much other companies charge for similar products and the image of the product. If a business has developed a product that they want to have a luxurious feel, seem exclusive and special, it is likely to have a higher price. PLACE There is no point having a great product or service if the customer cannot easily get access to it. This is where the PLACE part of the marketing mix is important. Companies need to find the most cost-effective channels of distribution to get their products to their target customers. The nature of the product and its target audience will influence the places at which a company wishes to sell its products. If their product is low-priced, like a chocolate bar, companies may use intensive distribution by getting their product into as many shops and outlets as possible. There are two types of distribution channel; direct and indirect. Direct channels of distribution Business gt; customer (i. e. TV shopping channels, mail order catalogues, internet sites, telesales, factory shops etc. ) Using direct channels of distribution cuts out the middleman and therefore increases profit for the company. Indirect channels of distribution Business gt; Wholesalers gt; High-street retailers gt; customers Organisations in the distribution channel provide different benefits and value to the product. Places where Cadbury products are sold Retail outlets – shops, supermarkets, garages Vending machines –train stations Restaurants and cafes Cinemas, theatres, theme parks Travel – buffet cars, on board airlines, motorway service stations PROMOTION There are many different types of promotion, and these are sometimes referred to as the Marketing Toolkit. These include: Advertising Sales Promotions Direct Mail Public Relations 1. ADVERTISING Advertising is an industry that involves using different media to inform consumers about products and persuade them to buy. These can include: Television and radio ,Newspapers and magazines,Billboards , Internet. Split Screen – advertising on screen at the same time as broadcasts such as F1 Internet Advertising – information windows and ‘pop ups’ In the early days, the brand had a huge fan following among kids. In order to build stronger appeal among older age groups, the brand re-positioned itself through the classic ‘Real Taste of Life’ campaign in 1994. The campaign positioned Cadbury Dairy Milk as the chocolate that awakened the little child in every grown up and very soon, both teenagers and adults, were hooked on to this bar of pure magic. With the launch of the Rs. pack in 1998, CDM became more affordable and hence more accessible for the masses. The ensuing positioning of ‘Khaane Waalon ko khaane ka Bahana Chhayie’ made consumption into a joyful, social occasion. In 2004, the `Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye’ campaign was launched, seeking to increase CDM consumption by making it synonymous with traditional sweets (Mithai). With Amitabh Bachchan as the face and voice of the brand, the campaign went on to become a huge success. People could relate to the commercials that were aired to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk. How many can forget the `Pappu Pass Ho Gaya’ commercial? The country cheered on as Pappu fell in love in the Pappu Love Test commercial. Then came`Miss Palampur’ and the country celebrated the beauty pageant with a difference. The`Kenya’ commercial that was aired in 2008 celebrated the spirit of cricket and that of true sportsmanship. In 2009, we aired another commercial under the `Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye’ platform, called the `Pay Day’ commercial. In the year 2010, the `Shubh Aarambh’ campaign was launched, drawing lines from the traditional Indian custom of having something sweet before embarking on something new. With `Shubh Aarambh’, Cadbury took the Dairy Milk journey a step further into the hearts of its million lovers. With the current campaign ‘Khaane Ke Baad Meethe Mein Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye’, our aim is to introduce the thought of having a CDM as a post dinner meetha (dessert) 2. SALES PROMOTIONS These are techniques used to keep a product name in the mind of the consumer without using the direct advertising mentioned previously. Possible promotions might be: Discounts – a temporary reduction in the price of a product to increase the likelihood of the customer ‘trying’ it. Free samples – giving away examples of the product for consumers to try before they buy. Special stand in a shop – a display of goods which is intended to catch the consumer’s eye. 3. DIRECT MAIL This is the process by which the company contacts the customer directly with information and/or incentives to buy the product from outlets. New laws on sending direct mail and the growth of email marketing have significantly changed how customers are contacted. Plus, advances in technology mean that companies are now better able than ever to effectively target customers through direct mail. 4. PUBLIC RELATIONS (PR) Public relations is all about making sure that a company builds and maintains good relations with their target audience. This includes such activities as working to make sure newspaper journalists write positive things about the product or service, or organising events to help raise the profile of the product or service. These are some of the sales promotions or the advertising THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE eg; CADBURY SNACK The Cadbury Snack range was launched in the 1950s in Ireland. The range consists of three main products: ? Snack Wafer in distinctive pink packaging Snack Shortcake in distinctive yellow packaging ?Snack Sandwich in distinctive purple packaging The Snack range is the third biggest confectionery brand in Ireland accounting for over â‚ ¬22m of Cadbury retail sales. The fact that the Snack range still commands such a strong market presence over 50 years later is testamentto the strong management both of the brand itself and its product life cycle. The product life cycle model helps marketers identify thedifferent stages that the sales and profits of a product gothrough during the course of its lifetime. There are fivestages to the product life cycle: 1. Introduction: Sales are slow as the product is not yetknown. Costs are high due to heavy marketing spend tocreate awareness. Emphasis is on advertising anddistribution. The recently launched Cadbury Snapsrange is an example of a brand at the introduction stage. 2. Growth: This stage shows growing market acceptanceand increasing profits. Competitors begin to enter themarketplace. The business concentrates on optimizing product availability. The Natural ConfectioneryCompany is an example of brand at growth stage. Maturity: The rate of sales growth slows down as the product has been widely distributed and sold. The company now focuses on creating brand extensions and promotion offers to boost sales. New product research is critical to ensure future sales. The Cadbury Snack range is an example of a brand at the maturity stage. 4. Saturation: Sales slow down as the market becomes saturated. Profits level off and may even decline due to increased investment in marketing to defend against competitors. McDonald’s is an example of a brand that has reached saturation stage. 5. Decline: Sales slow down dramatically and profits fall off. The product may be dropped to make way for new products and thecycle recommences. MG Rover is an example of a brand that has reached the decline stage. Brand positioning is the aspect of the brand actively communicated to the target audience, specifically, its competitive advantage, values and imagery. It is strongly related to the perception and image of the product. When devising a positioningstrategy for a product, marketers must establish a unique and distinctive image of that product in the mind of the consumer. This will differentiate a company’s product from its competitors. PACKAGING Design of packaging can be divided into twolevels which, for Cadbury, go together corporate design and brand promotion. Everybrand has its individual design style and color that depends on the market positionand consumer perception. However, withoutexception the Cadbury house name in its familiar and unique script is always includedso that the individual product gains from the overall company reputation. Cadbury’s world famous packaging iscomprised of four key elements: _ distinctive packaging design _ the Cadbury corporate purple color _ the glass and a half of full cream milklogo _ the Cadbury script logo. These elements are designed to convey to consumers the memorability, distinctiveness and high quality of Cadbury products. They arecommunicated on the product itself, and on itspromotional campaigns and at the product’spoint of sale. As such they represent an integralpart of the Cadbury brand identity. The style inwhich these elements are presented hasevolved over the years in line with market demand From the outset, the packaging of Cadburyproducts was considered a highly important marketing tool. Cadbury now has a largeteam of designers working on every aspect ofthe company’s design requirements: packaging design, brochures, point of sale material and overall corporate identity elements. The designs of all Cadbury products reflectthe overall quality image that is synonymous with the name Cadbury. However, each newline has its own packaging which isdeveloped to give an individual look to aproduct whilst it is still evident that it belongsto Cadbury. Two good examples of this are the packaging for Crunchie and Time Out. This policy has helped to ensure that brandsremain relevant to the current marketplaceand sets them apart from their competitors’ Also, the company will reduce the bulk packaging from 60 bars to 22 bars. Each bulk pack will be shrink-wrapped. This is expected to minimise the sale of loose packs to the retail trade. Over the next two weeks, a team of trained quality control managers along with over 300 sales people will complete a thorough check of over 50,000 outlets across Maharashtra that stock and sell Cadbury products. The teams will conduct checks on storage facilities and Cadbury-supplied chocolate dispensers and talk to owners and educate them about the appropriate handling and storage of chocolates. LABELLING Were looking for ways to help people make more informed choices. This includes providing more information about our products and ingredients and messages to help educate the consumer. Weve launched a new global labeling standard. Fairtrade Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cadbury Dairy Milk has been on shelves since 2010 our range was extended with the addition of the Fairtrade Certifiedâ„ ¢ Easter Egg. This creates a fantastic opportunity for you to make a real difference to the lives of families in developing countries such as in Ghana. Our Fairtrade commitment has generated significant social premiums for cocoa farmers. In 2009 and 2010, we were the world’s largest buyer of Fairtrade certified cocoa. Fairtrade Certifiedâ„ ¢ Cadbury Dairy Milk milk chocolate products are available in a variety of shapes and sizes for all occasions including: 50g bar, 100g, 200g, 350g blocks, and sharepacks. SELLING In order to increase sales Cadburys needs to undertake a range of marketing activities before deciding upon the best way to encourage the purchase of its product. When identifying the basic principals which Cadburys must apply to its marketing will be its basic objectives because all business must have objectives it allows them to increase sales and make profit. Corporate aims are the long term intentions of a business, whereas corporate objectives are the specific targets required to achieve the aims. The common aim and objectives of the corporation such as Cadbury includes the following: 1 Survival 2 Profit maximisation- which is often taken to be the reason why firms exists and to be the primary objectives in practices most firms have a hierarchy of objectives when a firms survival is threaten it may profit maximise in order to restore its financial health. Growth- which includes Cadbury selling new products or expanding overseas. 4 Diversification- which is the spreading of business risks by reducing dependence on one product. 5 Sales maximisation- which is the increasing of sales 6 Improving the product image-which includes creating a new logo or launching a new brand of product and creating more attractive packaging. For example, Cadbury set out two objectives for the development of their chocolate, Fuse. These were: 1. To grow the mar ket for chocolate confectionery . To increase Cadburys share of the snacking sector When launching a product the company Cadbury’s had to make sure that any new product in the snaking sector must establish points of difference, creating a unique selling proposition (USP) i. e. a product with unique appeal which is not shared by any of its competitors. Referring back to the example of Fuse, Cadbury lost a lot of money testing out the combination of various ingredients and more than 250 were combined before the recipe of the chocolate was finalised. As the products are developed, Cadbury tests them to ensure that consumers are willing to buy them. Cadbury then promotes its products in various ways such as the use of above the line promotion, which is where a product is advertised through consumer media such as television, magazines, newspapers and radio. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY The market channel strategies are broad principles by which the firm expects to achieve its distribution objectives for its target market. The design of the channel should contribute to the firm’s quest for Differential Advantage. It is the responsibility of administration of existing channels to secure the cooperation of channel members in achieving the firm’s distribution objectives AnandKripalu, Cadbury Indias managing director, is in favour that Cadbury should focus on exploring new marketing channels and price points in order to turn infrequent customers into regular buyers. These channels are likely to include non-retail chains in a bid to reach new customers or provide existing customers with the opportunity to buy Cadbury brands where they did not expect it. The company is also going to experiment with new price points for its flagship brand Cadbury Dairy Milk, which accounts for 30% of Cadbury Indias overall chocolate business. Cadbury is also focusing intensively on achieving distribution equity. Though it takes much more time and effort to build, but once built, distribution equity is hard to erode. With technology and competitive pressure slash in it is becoming increasing difficult for marketers to retain a unique product differentiation for long period. In a product and price parity situation, the brand that sells more is the one that reaches the highest number of customers. India with 1 billion people, 155 million household has over 4 million retail outlets in 5351 urban markets and 552725 villages, spread cross 3. 28 million sq. km. Getting there means managing wildly different terrains-climate, language, value system, life style, transport and communication network. To tap this huge potential Cadburys distribution channels include the manufacturing warehouses where the chocolate production takes place. CONCLUSION In order to increase sales Cadburys needs to undertake a range of marketing activities before deciding upon the best way to encourage the purchase of its product. When identifying the basic principals which Cadburys must apply to its marketing will be its basic objectives because all business must have objectives it allows them to increase sales and make profit. Corporate aims are the long term intentions of a business, whereas corporate objectives are the specific targets required to achieve the aims. This term paper tries to cover the entire strategy regarding the different marketing aspects of the Cadbury product . Cadbury is also focusing intensively on achieving distribution equity. Though it takes much more time and effort to build, but once built, distribution equity is hard to erode. With technology and competitive pressure slash in it is becoming increasing difficult for marketers to retain a unique product differentiation for long period. In a product and price parity situation, the brand that sells more is the one that reaches the highest number of customers.