How certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another

How certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another Rules of Mendelian Genetics Mendels Law is the study about how a certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism. This study was derived from an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel (1822 C 1884) who is considered as the father of genetics. He believed that natural laws such as those that govern inheritance could be explained as mathematical relationships. In his experiments, Mendel used ordinary pea plants to study the traits, he pair these pea plants with considering the control over each reproduction to prevent the pea plant from self fertilizing. The traits that are being observed are the colour of a plants flower, the location on the plant, the shape and colour of the pea pods, the shape and colour of the seeds and the length of the plant stems. Pea plants are used because they are easily available and can be manipulated in large amount within a short period of time. (Starr, Evers Starr, 2010) Mendels approach for his experiment was to transfer pollen from the stamen (which is the male reproductive organ that contains male sex cells) and to the pistil (the female sex cell which contain female reproductive organs) of another pea plant. In the first experiment, he took two pea plants with true breeding variant; one with round seed and another with wrinkled seed. The offspring that were produced in the first generation (F1 generation) had all round seeds. This shows that the pea plant will only take the dominant trait that is the round seeds. Next, Mendel crossed two of the F1 generation plant together, he obtained a result of 75% of the plant is round seeds whereas 25% of the pea plants are wrinkled seeds. Based on this result, a ratio of approximately 3:1 will be deduced for the traits in F2 generation. As a result of these experiments, Mendel was able to state three generalizations about the way characteristics are transmitted from one generation to the next in pea plants. (Science Clarified, 2010). From this pea plants experiment, Mendel derived 3 theories that support on genetic inheritance ? Mendels first principle of genetics, the law of segregation states that the sex cell of a plant or animal may contain one factor (allele) for different traits but not both factors needed to express the traits. Each offspring, however, would only display the characteristics of one parent and not a blend of the two different characteristics of the parents. ? Mendels second principle of genetics, the law of independent assortment states that characteristics are inherited independently from other characteristics. Any trait in a generation is independent of other traits if the parents of the generation have two or more traits that vary from each other. ? Mendels third principle, principle of dominance states that each inherited characteristic is determined by two heredity genes, one from each parent which determines whether a gene will be dominant or recessive. This means that the trait of one parent must be dominant over the trait of the other parent, and so the dominant trait would be displayed by the offspring. (Minnesota State University, 2010; Nigel, D. P.,2006 ). Introduction to traits of family There have been variations in different characteristic in my family genes. The variations of the genes are mainly caused by inheritance from my parents who carry a genotype of certain traits; this trait is passed on from one generation to another. The dominant allele of the traits of the genotype would be the phenotype of the offspring. I have chosen to look into the appearance of one-sided dimples and blood types in my family genes. Cheek dimples occur when the muscles underneath the surface of the skin are shorter than the skin on top, so when you smile, the muscle pulls the skin at its attachment point, thus folding the top skin as it is pulled back. Chin dimples are actually a cleft chin in which the bones do not fuse completely and the outer skin lies on top of the cleft bone, revealing the structure underneath. In most cases, facial dimples appear on the cheeks, and they are typically not visible until someone smiles. However, some people only have a dimple on one side; this physical trait can actually be rather endearing (Smith, S. E., 2010). The look of dimples can also vary; as an inherited trait, unusual dimples can be passed on through multiple generations of a family. Dimples occurrence can be relatively related to genetic inheritance, dimples are dominant trait that will be pass on from the parents (K-show, 2008). If you inherit the genes for dimples, there may be other factors during your developmen t that could lengthen the muscles, or allow full closure of the cleft chin. Next, all humans can be typed for the ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of these four components determines an individuals type in most cases (Dennis ONeil, 2010). Every individual inherits one blood type allele from each their biological mother and their biological father. Based on the alleles of a person, the blood group genotype of the person can be determined. The O allele is the recessive allele amongst the blood group alleles. A person with blood group A can have either IA IA or IA IO as their genotype. Type B blood is produced when an individual has either genotype IB IB or IB IO. Genotype IO IO results in type O blood while type AB blood results from genotype IA IB (Windelspecht, 2007). Analysis Based on the phenotype occurrence in my family, I have come out with a research based on the traits on genotypes in my family. In this research, Ive taken consideration of the variation in traits from my parents and siblings; my brother and sister. One-sided dimples In my family, my father carries the gene of one-sided dimple, my mother do not contain dimple, my sister contains one-sided dimple and my brother and me do not contain dimple. Based on the data I had collected, a pedigree chart is drawn to illustrate the traits in my family. Figure 1 : pedigree chart on one-sided dimple of my family Since one-sided dimple is considered to be an autosomal dominant traits. From this pedigree chart illustrated above, my father have a phenotype of one-sided dimples, he would be either be carrying a homozygous dominant (DD) or heterozygous dominant (Dd) genotypes. On the other hand, my mother would be carrying the homozygous recessive (dd) genotype. My sister also carries the one-sided dimple trait; therefore she also be either having the genotype of DD or Dd. My brother and I do not have dimples, therefore why we would have carried the dd trait. Since, allele of our genes cant be seen; therefore we could only predict which of the possibility outcome the genotype of each individual belongs to. Based on the different possible allele, I have built a Punnets square to list out all the possibility outcomes of the genotypes outcome of the offspring from my parents depending on which genotype my parent possesses. D d d Dd dd d Dd dd D D d Dd Dd d Dd Dd ( ii ) ( i ) ( ii ) Figure 2 : Punnet square based on parents genotype? Based on the Punnet square ( i ), the possibility of homozygous dominant allele is being used. From this point of view, the outcome of a mixture of DD and dd would result in a Dd gamete. Therefore, based on the result, the offspring produced would be heterozygous dominant (Dd). The probability of the offspring produce by my parents to be heterozygous dominant would takes up 100%, this means that there would not be any possibilities of any offspring not having one-sided dimples. In addition, no offspring would also me homozygous dominant to one-sided dimples. On the other hand, in Punnet square ( ii ), heterozygous dominant (Dd) allele is being used, the possibility outcome of allele from the combination of Dd and dd would result in a Dd or dd offspring. The probability of a heterozygous dominant (Dd) gamete would be 50%, whereas the probability of the homozygous recessive (dd) gamete would also be 50%. There would not be any homozygous dominant offspring with one-sided dimple being produced. After analysing both the Punnet square, I came to conclusion that that my family follows the genotype of Punnet square ( ii ). This is because in my family, among the siblings, we have a variation between having one-sided dimples and not having dimples. Therefore, from the possibility of Punnet square ( i ), all the offspring would have dimples. Nevertheless, in my family, my brother and I do not have dimples whereas my sister have one-sided dimple. So, it can be said that the possibilities in Punnet square ( ii ) would be much more accurate. It shows that there are variations between gametes which have and have not got one-sided dimples. This could clearly explains why the occurrence of one-sided dimples only on my sister. Blood type A blood test had been carried out to determine our blood type in my family. From the result, it is shown that my father is tested to be blood group O, my mother is tested to be blood group A, my brother is tested to be blood group O, my sister is tested to be blood group A and lastly I am tested to be blood group O. Based on the data I had collected, a pedigree chart is drawn to illustrate the traits in my family. Figure 3 : Pedigree chart of blood group in my family From the pedigree chart, my father has blood group O, the possible genotypes for his allele would be IoIo. This would also apply to my brother and I, we both also contain the possible genotype allele of IoIo. On the other hand, my mother has blood group A, the possible genotypes for her allele would be IAIA or IAIO. My sister also has blood group A, she would also have the possible genotypes for her allele is IAIA or IAIO. By sorting out the possible genotypes in the allele, the data will be analysed into a Punnet table for a clearer outlook on all the possibilities from the combination of both the genotypes from my parents. The Punnet square will show the different combination that will result in a variation of offspring. IO IO IA IOIA IOIA IO IOIO IOIO IO IO IA IOIA IOIA IA IOIA IOIA ( i ) ( ii ) Figure 4 : Punnet square based on parents genotype Based on the Punnet square ( i ), the genotypes of my fathers allele is IOIO , whereas my mothers possible genotype is stated as IAIA . The outcome of this mixture results in the possibility of an offspring with only IOIA, which is blood group A. The probability of the offspring becoming a blood group A would then be 100%. None of them would be of blood group O. In Punnet square ( ii ) the genotype of my fathers allele is IOIO, whereas my mothers possible genotype is IAIO . The possible genotypes of the offspring produced by this combination of alleles will be genotype IOIO and genotype IAIO. The offspring could have a variation of blood type O or blood type A. The possibility of getting blood type O is 50% and the possibility of getting blood type A is also 50%. After analysing both the Punnet square, I can conclude that my family follow the genotypes as stated in Punnet square ( ii ). This is because in my family, among the siblings, we have a variation between blood group A and blood group B. Therefore, from the possibility of Punnet square ( i ), all the offspring would result in having blood group O. Nevertheless, in my family, my sister has blood group A whereas my brother and I have blood group O. So, it can be said that the possibilities in Punnet square ( ii ) would be much more accurate. It shows that there are variations between gametes which have the different group type. This could clearly explain why the occurrence in variance of different blood type within different people. ? Conclusion The study of Mendels Law leads us to enhance more on our genetic inheritance. Knowing our inheritance may help us to study a large range of different traits; like hair colour, iris colour, dimples, and eyes. We will be able to notify and recognize the different genetic variation, which will also help in preventing certain disorder from spreading through reproduction. A few of the disorder that are genetically inheritance are like Downs syndrome, Turner syndrome, sickle-cell anemia, colour blindness and haemophilia. Prevention towards this kind of disorder will widely safe many misfortune life of infants. Mendels Law do not only emphasis on human trait, it is used in many agricultural field to improve the production of crops. The seeds of the corn plant is modified and paired genetically to improve its taste, colour, quantity and quality. These seed are being paired to obtain better traits from different types of fruits. The seasonal fruits can be planted all year round now, the fruits are mostly seedless; all these are from the discovery of genetic inheritance. Not only that, Mendels law had also helped me in this research regarding the genotype of different traits in my family. For one-sided dimples, Ive found out from the Punnet square that, my father is heterozygous dominant pairing with my mum with homozygous recessive that will result in a mixture of heterozygous dominant and homozygous recessive offspring. For the blood type, Ive found that my father is is IOIO, whereas my mothers possible genotype is IAIO. In conclusion, Mendels law can be used to illustrate inheritance traits; the Punnets square can help us visualize all the genotype of the traits. This enables us to learn our genotypes based on our phenotypes shown, that is the one-sided dimple and blood type. It is important for us to study and understand our patterns of inheritance.

History Behind Moulin Rouge the Movie Essay

It was 1899 in Paris. France. it was the clip of the Bohemian Revolution. and it was the summer of love. Christian. played by Ewan McGregor. was a author and came to Paris to see this revolution and be surrounded by the creative persons. vocalists. and terpsichoreans of this new Bohemian universe. Small did he cognize that he would see something he had ne'er felt before but ever believed in: love. Moulin Rouge. directed by Baz Luhrmann. is an keen film musical based off of a existent life nightclub called Moulin Rouge in Montmartre. The film tells the narrative of the love trigon between Christian. Satine aka the â€Å"Sparkling Diamond† of the Moulin Rouge. played by Nicole Kidman. and The Duke. Although Christian and Satine are fictional characters. the narrative includes existent life characters such as Harold Zidler. the co-mastermind of the Moulin Rouge and Toulouse-Lautrec. a celebrated Gallic creative person. Moulin Rouge is a great expression into what life was like ba ck in Paris in 1900. but besides adds in the love narrative between Christian and Satine to do for a great film musical. In the beginning of the film. Christian’s optimistic love shines some light into Satine’s dark mercenary world. To do a life. Satine became a concubine at the Moulin Rouge. She gets paid for doing work forces believe what they want to believe. so she sells her organic structure to do money. She erroneously became attracted to Christian for his pure and optimistic belief in love. Sing that Christian did non hold a batch of money. she becomes hesitant of loving him because he would non be able to back up her and her dreams of being an actress. With Christian’s pure and optimistic belief of love. he captures Satine’s bosom by loving her for who she truly is. non for what she is. Although Satine dies in the terminal of the film. Christian learns that true love lasts everlastingly even through decease. Harold Zidler. who is non a fictional character. is the adult male who helped to run the existent Moulin Rouge nightclub. In the movie. and in existent life Pari s. Zidler was the adult male who was. â€Å"a ‘brother’ to the creative persons and the adult male in the shadows who watched over the terpsichoreans and the remainder of the forces with a benevolent oculus and ruled with an Fe fist† ( History ) . In the movie he is the 1 who is in charge of doing certain everything goes absolutely at the nightclub and makes certain all his terpsichoreans. particularly Satine. cognize what they are supposed to make and who they should affect that dark. Not merely did he run the Moulin Rouge he was besides a showman and performed with his terpsichoreans in the shows. Toulouse-lautrec was besides an of import individual when it comes to the nightclub in Paris. In the movie he does non hold a immense function other than aid Christian acquire inside the Moulin Rouge and happen a manner for him to run into Satine. In Paris in the 1900’s. though. he is said to hold been â€Å"the eyes of the Moulin Rouge. † Toulouse-Lautrec attended every eventide show when the nightclub opened ; and as mentioned before he was an creative person. so every dark he would sit in a corner and pull the terpsichoreans accompanied by a glass of common wormwood ( History ) . The fact about the common wormwood is besides in the film ; Toulouse-Lautrec. Christian. and a few others take a shooting of common wormwood before they head to the Moulin Rouge one dark and the following few proceedingss of the movie are merely filled with pure daftness and hallucinations. His graphics. though. was highly of import in the success of the Moulin Rouge. â€Å"In 1891. he drew the first advertisement posting for the Moulin Rouge. which today remains the best known image of the Moulin Rouge around the world† ( History ) . His work is still celebrated today and without him the Moulin Rouge in Paris would non be every bit good known as it is today. The terpsichoreans of the Moulin Rouge were Masterss of the â€Å"cancan. † One of the stars and besides known as â€Å"Queen of the Cancan† was Louise Weber. but her moniker was â€Å"La Goulue. † She is non specifically in the movie. but in a life about her. it states that. â€Å"one eventide when she was dancing a frantic cancan. between two cartwheels she spotted the Prince of Wales. who had come to pass an eventide on his ain at the Moulin Rouge. and called out. with the Parisian cheek for which she was good know. ‘Hey. Wales! The champagne’s on you? ’† ( History ) . La Goulue is relatable to Satine in the movie. because Satine was besides the star and best terpsichorean and she spotted Christian the first dark he was at that place and while she was dancing called him out in forepart of everyone who was in attending at the Moulin Rouge that flushing. Moulin Rouge is one of Baz Luhrmann’s best movies. The film came out in June 2001 and has won many awards and is one of the best films in the musical genre. The set design. costumes. casting of functions. and music all is so absolutely set together to make this superb movie. Luhrmann. who besides co-wrote the film with Craig Pearce. traveled to Paris with Pearce and the production interior decorator to carry on historical research and compose the outline for the film. â€Å"To find ways to picture 19th century Paris and the Moulin Rouge as it may hold felt to its audience so – at the cutting border of sex. music. dance. theatre and modern thought – the film makers immersed themselves in the vicinity. locales and civilization of their story† ( Luhrmann ) . Through their research and larning about the civilization. they came to understand that the Moulin Rouge was a nine that brought all different categories together and Pearce quotes that is the equivalent of â€Å"Studio 54 in New York in the late 70’s ; a topographic point where the rich and the powerful can blend with the immature. the beautiful and the penniless† ( Luhrmann ) . This is shown in the film because we see the powerful. such as The Duke. and so Christian who is merely a author. come to the same nine to see the same thing. adult females and amusement. The first half an hr of the film is nonstop music. dancing. visible radiations. and merely perfectly craziness. Audiences are non given a opportunity to â€Å"relax† and merely easy take the film in ; it is fast paced and keeps the film spectator on their toes merely waiting for what will come following. In a film review. shortly after it came out in 2001. the film referee describes Moulin Rouge as â€Å"grandiose. glorious. absinthe-soaked surplus. † When cinematography. Luhrmann wanted everything to be over the top and wanted more out of the production ; more vocals. more sound. more colour. more everything ( Kaplan C. D. ) . This is what it was like in the existent nightclub. the dance and vocals were all so intense and brainsick so the work forces would be to the full entertained and ne'er acquire bored. There was a batch traveling on in Paris in the late 1880’s and 1890’s. The Eiffel Tower was built. the first cinematographic showing was shown by the Lumiere brothers. and the most celebrated nightclub opened its doors. â€Å"The public came in mass to detect this excessive topographic point with its immense dance floor. mirrors everyplace. and galleries that were the last word in elegance. to blend with the rabble and misss of easy virtue† ( History ) . The Moulin Rouge was a topographic point for the rich and hapless work forces to come for dancing. music. and amusement from the ladies ; it is said to hold been an ambiance of â€Å"total euphory. † This was a clip where workers. blue bloods. creative persons. and the middle-class could all gather together to see nightclubs. music-halls. and other dark clip activities. As mentioned before. this film takes topographic point during the Bohemian Revolution. This revolution was non a revolution of contending. but a revolution of art and civilization. It was a clip for artisits. poets. author. vocalists. terpsichoreans. and anyone else who wanted to show themselves to demo off their endowments and be recognized. These were the â€Å"child ren of the revolution† ( Moulin Rouge ) . In the beginning scenes of Moulin Rouge. Christian is told that to truly be a kid of the revolution. he has to believe in beauty. freedom. truth. and most significantly love. Which of class he believes in love. it is what he lives for and as stated earlier. he is given the opportunity to see love for the first clip. Not merely is the film based off of the existent nightclub in Paris. but it is besides partially based on the Grecian myth of Orpheus and partially on the opera La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi ( IMDb ) . The Grecian myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is slightly like the narrative between Christian and Satine. Orpheus is said to hold been the best instrumentalist that of all time lived and until he met Eurydice. he lived his merely and heedlessly. Orpheus and Eurydice fell in love and it meant everything to both of them but person else wanted Eurydice’s beauty and wanted her but she did non care for this other adult male. To do a long narrative short. she ends up deceasing and Orpheus attempts to acquire her dorsum from the underworld but could non salvage her ; all he had left was the love they one time had ( â€Å"Orpheus† ) . For Christian. he lost Satine and would ne'er acquire her back once more but what he got from her decease was a narrative of true love that he has to portion with the universe. Satine was already deceasing before she fell in love with Christian. but at least she was able to decease cognizing what it was like to be in love. The opera La Traviata is another love narrative that ends tragically. Violetta. who is a concubine. claims that love means nil to her until she meets a immature adult male named Alfredo which makes her so inquire if he could be the adult male that she could love. In the terminal of the narrative. though. Violetta is diagnosed with TB and does non hold long to populate and dies at Alfredo’s pess ( â€Å"La Traviata† ) . This opera. the myth of Orpheus. and Moulin Rouge. are all similar in the manner that the adult female ne'er truly believed in love until they met that one adult male that changed their positions on love. there are challenges to confront one the adult male and adult female autumn in love. and so it is the adult female who dies in terminal go forthing their lovers all entirely. Each narrative is a small different but the same basic thought. from the opera and Grecian myth. are evident in the movie. From 20th century Paris. the Bohemian Revolution. the myth of Orpheus. Harold Zidler. and other historical minutes. Moulin Rouge is a 1 of a sort musical movie that is an astonishing piece of work put together by Luhrmann. Knowing the history behind the movie makes it exciting to watch and understand what it was similar back in Paris in 1899. Plants Cited â€Å"The History of the Moulin Rouge and its Shows. † Moulin Rouge. Fr. Le Bal du Moulin Rouge. n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011.Kaplan. C. D. Rev. of Moulin Rouge. by Baz Luhrmann. Louisville Eccentric Observer. Louisville. Ky. : 30 May 2001. Vol. 11. Iss. 30 ; pg. 21â€Å"La Traviata. † The Metropolitan Opera. N. p. . n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Luhrmann. Baz. . and Craig Pearce. commentary. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. Film. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. Film. â€Å"Moulin Rouge. † IMDb. IMDb. com. Inc. . n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Orpheus and Eurydice. † Paleothea Myths. N. p. . 10 Jan. 2008. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.

The Used Car - 955 Words

In this negotiation, I played the role of the buyer of the car, Mazda MX Ââ€" 6 from Francesco, who played the role of the seller. The task involved negotiating for the right price for the used car. When I was planning for the negotiation the most important criteria was that the car must certainly have all those specifications which the 1994 Jeep Cherokee Sport was offering. That is, an air conditioning, AM/FM stereo, 6-cylinder engine and the mileage should be the same or more than the Jeep. Also, I had firmly decided to buy the Mazda under all circumstances and not go in for the jeep, as it would certainly turn out to be a better proposition than the jeep. Moreover, I had mentally prepared myself for the fact that looking at the gravity†¦show more content†¦After the deal was made, both of us were happy with it and therefore readily agreed to decide on the amount $4400. Francesco made the first offer in this negotiation process of $8000, as mentioned earlier. I think it does matter as to who puts the first offer because the first offer has a direct impact on your opponent. If your first offer is extremely inflated, the other person thinks on the higher side and may close the deal at a higher price than what he had thought of initially. However, if your offer is low, the other person will try to manipulate you in such a way that he may tend to close the deal at even a lower price that what he had aspired for. Therefore, I would always like my opponent to make the first offer so that he does not get pre conceived notions about me and is not able to manipulate me to a greatShow MoreRelatedEssay Demandy1135 Words   |  5 Pageswant. read on and learn what it takes month-to-monthmonthmonthly a month-to-monthaumonthmonthly. month-to-monthvisit extraordinary dealerships before settling on one. 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Competitive Advantage - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1283 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Strategic Elements of Competitive Advantage IKEA u   IKEA confront competitors such as supermarkets (Wal-Mart) and other furniture co. u   they focused on 3 areas for improvement: product assortment, customer service and product availability. u   Prices are affordable to almost everyone; u   colors blue and yellow are Sweden national colors; u   customers see the furniture in showrooms and with names instead of model numbers; u   shopping is a self-service activity –browse, u write names and look up for them at the lowest level where everything is in flat packs in kit forms that you have to assemble at home.    Most Ikeas have children play area, restaurant, baby care and grocery store. THE ESSENCE OF MARKETING STRATEGY IS SUCCESSFULLY RELATING THE STRENGHTS OF AN ORGANIZATION TO ITS ENVIRONMENT. As the horizons of markets have expanded from domestic to regional and global, so too have the horizons of competitors. The reality in almost all industries toda y is GLOBAL COMPETITION. This fact puts organizations under increasing pressure. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: FORCES INFLUENCING COMPETITION Gain insight into competitors is through INDUSTRY ANALYSIS. An industry can be groups of co. hat are close substitutes for each other. Harvard university’s Michael Porter developed a five forces model that explains competition in an industry: 1. Threat (amenaza) of new entrants: a. New entrants bring new capacity, desire to gain market share and position and new approaches to better customer needs b. New players mean prices will be pushed down and margins squeezed c. Barriers i. Economies of scale a decline per unit cost while production per unit increases. ii. Product differentiation a uniqueness. Achieved as a result of unique product attributes or effective marketing communications, or both. iii. Capital requirements a needed for manufacturing facilities and financing RD, advertising, etc. iv. Switching costs a caused by the need to change s uppliers and products –as the cost of evaluating a new source v. Distribution channels a must invest time and money to enter vi. Government policy a government generally restricts competitive entry. vii. Cost advantages independent of scale economies a establish firms enjoy this viii. Competitive response a if expected a Bruce Henderson: BRINKMANSHIP –occurs when industry leaders convince potential competitors that any market entry effort will be countered with vigorous and unpleasant responses. . Threat of substitute products: i. Availability of substitute products places limits on the prices market leaders can change in an industry ii. High process may induce buyers to switch to the substitute 3. Bargaining (negociacion) power of buyers: i. Buyers refers to manufacturers –e. g. GM- and retailers –e. g. Wal-Mart) ii. Buyer aim to pay lowest possible price iii. A way they do this is to buy high quantities that suppliers depend on the buyer’s busine ss 4. Bargaining power of suppliers: i. Is the converse of buyer power ii. Suppliers will have the advantage if they are large and relatively few in number. . Rivalry among competitors: i. Actions taken by firms in the industry to improve their positions and gain advantage over the other. ii. Manifests in: 1. Price competition 2. Advertising battles 3. Product positioning 4. Attempts at differentiation iii. Forces co. to rationalize costs (positive force) iv. Drives down prices, profitability and creates instability in the industry (negative factor) COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Exists when there is a match between a firm’s distinctive competencies and the factors critical for success within its industry. There are 2 basic ways to achieve advantage:    With a low-cost strategy that enables it to offer products at lower prices than competitors u   With a strategy of differentiating products so that customers perceive unique benefits, often accompanied by a premium price Models: 1. Generic strategies for creating competitive advantage: a. Michael Porter created 4 generic strategies: i. Cost leadership ii. Product differentiation iii. Cost focus iv. Focused differentiation. b. Broad market strategies: COST LEADERSHIP AND DIFFERENTIATION. i. A competitive advantage is based on a firm’s position as the industry’s low cost producer. This co. ust have the most efficient facilities and obtain the largest share of market so that its cost per unit is the lowest of all. It’s an advantage if there are barriers that protect other co. to enter the market. ii. When a firm’s product has an actual uniqueness in a broad market, it has competitive advantage by differentiation. This is an advantage for defending market position and obtaining superior financial returns; unique products often command premium prices. c. Narrow target strategies: COST FOCUS AND FOCUSED DIFFERENTIATION. i. Cost focus means offering low prices to a narrow target market. i . Focused differentiation offers a narrow target market the perception of product uniqueness at a premium price. Ex. By a strong export effort. 2. The flagship firm: the business network with five partners a. According to professors Rugman D’Cruz, Porter’s model is too simplistic given the complexity of today’s global environment; so they’ve developed an alternative framework based on business networks called the flagship model a see page 494 figure 16-1 3. Creating competitive advantage via strategic intent a. Few competitive advantages are long lasting. b. Layers of advantage: i. There is less risk in competitive markets if it has a wide portfolio of advantages. ii. The process of building layers illustrates how a co. can move along the value chain to strengthen competitive advantage. iii. All of these sources of competitive advantage mutually reinforcing layers that are accumulated over time. c. Loose bricks d. Changing the rules i. Refusing to pla y under the rules of the industry leader e. Collaborating i. Licensing agreements, joint ventures or partnership GLOBAL COMPETITION AND NATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1. Global Marketing Activity brings competition in a global basis (critical factor affecting success) 2. Global competition occurs when a firm takes a global view of competition and sets about maximizing profits worldwide 3. Effects of global competition have been highly beneficial to customers around the world. 4. Global competition creates value for consumers, but it also destroys jobs and profits. 5. Porter a â€Å"the competitive advantage of nations† u   Factor Conditions: o  Ã‚   Human resources o  Ã‚   Physical resources o  Ã‚   Knowledge resources o  Ã‚   Capital resources o  Ã‚   Infrastructure resources u   Demand Conditions:   Ã‚   Composition of home demand a demand determines how firms perceive, interpret and respond to buyers needs. o  Ã‚   Size and pattern of growth of home de mand o  Ã‚   Rapid home market growth o  Ã‚   Means by which a nation’s products and services are pushed or pulled into foreign u   Related and supporting industries u   Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: o  Ã‚   Rivalry keeps industry dynamic and creates continual pressure to improve and innovate o  Ã‚   External variables: chance and government u   Chance u   Government o  Ã‚   Influence and determinant products and services CURRENT ISSUES IN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1. Hypercompetitive Industries: a. Dynamic competitive world in which no action or advantage can be sustained for long b. â€Å"Everything changes† because of the dynamic MANIOBRAR and strategic interactions of hypercompetitive firms such as Microsoft and Gillette. c. Global Competitive advantage: US: 125 co. ; UK: 21 co. ; Japan: 19, etc d. D’aveni said the only way to sustain this is by the ability of a co. to manage its dynamic strategic interactions with competitors by fre quent movements to maintains relative position of strength in each of the four arenas (Dynamic Strategic Interactions in Hypercompetitive Industries): i. Cost/quality 1. Price war 2. Quality and price positioning 3. Value marketplace ii. Timing and know-how 1. First mover advantages 2. Overcoming the impediments 3. Vertical integration 4. Imitation and improvement by followers iii. Entry barriers iv. Deep pockets 1. Drive ‘em out 2. Small competitors use courts to derail deep pockets firms 3. Large firms wins, etc 2. Additional research on comparative advantage a. For smaller countries the nation is not the relevant unit of analysis in formulating strategy; rather, corporate strategists must look beyond the nation to the region or to sets of closely linked countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competitive Advantage" essay for you Create order